Written By: Mika Lai
Neurosignalling refers to the process by which neurons communicate with each other and other cells. This communication is essential for everything from sensory perception to complex decision-making and motor responses, involving both electrical and chemical processes. In this article we will demonstrate the physiology behind neuronal activity in simple terms for all to understand. You don't have to be a STEM student or doctor to understand the mechanisms that allow us to stay alive!
When Sodium and Potassium ions diffuse in and out of the neuron, this changes the electrical concentration of the cell. If changed to a point that passes the threshold, the neuron generates an electrical impulse known as an action potential, opening up all ion channels to allow more flow of ions. This impulse travels down the neuron's entire axon and eventually to the synapse, a small gap between two neurons.
At the synapse, the action potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers, including: dopamine, acetylcholine, GABA, epinephrine or serotonin. These neurotransmitters cross the synaptic gap and bind to receptors on the next neuron, transmitting the signal. This chemical exchange allows neurons to relay information quickly and efficiently.
Neurosignalling underpins all aspects of brain function, including motor control, cognition, and emotional regulation. Disruptions in this signalling process can contribute to neurological disorders such as depression, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Understanding neurosignalling is crucial for developing treatments and therapies for these conditions.
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